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解码棉纤维密码：从绘制“地图”到锻造“芯片”\n\n一朵棉花，看似轻柔，实则暗藏玄机。棉纤维是植物界最长的单细胞之一，从微小表皮细胞伸长至数厘米，其分子调控精密复杂。解码这一过程，关乎纤维品质上限，也牵动中国纺织产业链命脉。\n\n近日，2025年度新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术奖揭晓，由中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心杨作仁研究员牵头，联合中国农科院[棉花研究所](http:\u002F\u002Fcri.caas.cn\u002F)和新疆农业大学完成的“棉花纤维品质形成的分子机制解析与种质创制”成果荣获新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学奖一等奖。该成果首次绘制了棉纤维发育的全景调控“地图”，并创制出打破品质瓶颈的育种“芯片”，为棉花产业发展提供了科技支撑。\n\n**绘制“地图”：照亮遗传改良“盲区”**\n\n长期以来，棉花纤维品质改良的最大痛点在于“看不见”——关键基因难以精准定位，品质差异的遗传根源不明。杨作仁团队决定先画“地图”。他们对421份陆地棉核心种质开展纤维伸长期群体转录组分析，鉴定出5.6万个调控基因表达的eQTL位点；利用纤维突变体构建涵盖转录调控、mRNA修饰、蛋白翻译后修饰及激素等多层级调控网络，并与合作伙伴整合25个棉花基因组、76个组织样本转录组等海量数据，构建了国际领先的棉花功能基因发掘平台——CottonMD。该数据库上线两年多，获55个国家超22万次访问，成为全球棉花研究者共享的基础设施。\n\n更关键的是，团队首次揭示染色体倒位是导致种质间纤维品质差异的核心遗传因素。据此，团队开发了130对特异分子标记，建立杂交后代选育方法，为纤维品质改良开辟了新路径。\n\n**破译“开关”：解码激素调控密码**\n\n有了地图，还需找到控制纤维发育的“开关”。油菜素内酯在新疆棉田广泛用作生长调节剂，但其内源调控机制长期未解。团队创制了棉花首个油菜素内酯缺陷型突变体，在遗传转化“硬骨头”上取得突破，证实内源油菜素内酯是棉花纤维伸长的中枢调控因子，首次发现油菜素内酯通过促进超长链脂肪酸合成来推动纤维细胞发育，系统解析调控网络并构建发育模型。团队还发现四倍体长纤维棉种在进化中保留的靶基因，恰是纤维品质与抗病性协同改良的关键枢纽。国际权威评价机构Faculty Opinions发表专题评论，认为该成果对品质遗传改良具有重要指导意义。\n\n**锻造“芯片”：攻克种质创制瓶颈**\n\n基础理论最终要落地于种质创制。针对传统转化周期长、效率低且依赖基因型的瓶颈，团队另辟蹊径，建立基于茎尖分生组织的不依赖基因型的遗传转化体系，将棉花遗传转化周期从7～8个月缩短至2～3个月，且可应用于主栽品种。该“利器”已在南北疆20余个主栽品种上应用，形成“转化——编辑——多基因聚合”一体化技术方案。\n\n借助这套体系，团队获得纤维长度、强度与产量显著提升，以及增强抗病性、株型紧凑、适宜机采的多种优质新种质。值得一提的是，首次在主栽品种中创制出自然界不存在的粉红色纤维；2025年6月，团队联合中国农科院生物技术所成功创制高效合成虾青素的功能型棉花新材料，为开发“非纤维经济”提供全新范式。\n\n**从实验室到棉田：把论文写在大地上**\n\n“种子是农业的芯片。”目前，团队创制的纤维改良新材料已发放给全国13家育种单位，包括新疆农科院、新疆农垦科学院、石河子农科院、塔河种业等7家新疆单位，开展联合育种，创制优异种质500余份，15份材料进入转基因安全评价程序，授权发明专利6项。\n\n杨作仁表示：“老一辈用锄头在新疆戈壁开垦棉田，我们新时代科研工作者要用尖端技术助力产业高质量发展，把基础研究的根扎深，让科技大树结出更好种子。”从2008年在李付广研究员指导下涉足棉花生物技术，到2020年援疆，再到扎根新疆，他已深耕十八年。现当选国际棉花基因组协会共同主席，入选国家高层次人才特殊支持计划青年拔尖人才，入选全球前2%顶尖科学家，被评为新疆有突出贡献优秀专家，牵头的实验室获批“新疆作物基因编辑与种质创新重点实验室”。","中国农业科学院 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[针对无人机电子垃圾危机，天大团队《科学》发文](https:\u002F\u002Fwap.sciencenet.cn\u002Fmobile.php?type=detail&cat=T&id=572765&mobile=1)\n*   [“核聚山城?智驭靶向”：第十八届全国放射性药物与标记化合物学术交流会在重庆举办](https:\u002F\u002Fwap.sciencenet.cn\u002Fmobile.php?type=detail&cat=T&id=572754&mobile=1)\n*   [通往“器官再生之路”](https:\u002F\u002Fwap.sciencenet.cn\u002Fmobile.php?type=detail&cat=T&id=572753&mobile=1)\n*   [AI写的字，开始自带“暗号”](https:\u002F\u002Fwap.sciencenet.cn\u002Fmobile.php?type=detail&cat=T&id=572752&mobile=1)","中国科学报 科学网 2026-10-10","2026-10-10T00:00:00Z",73,{"impact":113,"substance":78,"depth":20,"authority":114,"freshness":66,"relevant":22,"comment":115},22,13,"报道中国农科院棉花高温逆境关键技术集成取得产量品质效益三丰收，属细分领域实质进展，但时效稍旧、信息增量有限，可入精选备选。",[117],{"name":109,"url":106},[119,27,49,120,121],"智慧农业","技术集成","高温逆境",{"code":33,"slug":34,"name":35,"path":36,"parent_code":37},[],{"status":40,"locked":41,"version":42,"method":43,"evidence":125},{"candidates":126,"agricultural_evidence":14},[127,131],{"code":33,"score":79,"supported":14,"title":128,"abstract":129,"tags":130},[49],[49],[49],{"code":132,"score":22,"supported":41,"title":133,"abstract":134,"tags":135},"I1",[],[],[119],[137,138],"中国农科院 棉花 高温逆境","棉花 关键技术集成 产量品质","中国农科院棉花高温逆境-4766",0,"2026-10-13T00:08:35.350655Z",{"id":143,"title":144,"url":145,"summary":146,"summary_zh":8,"content":147,"source_name":148,"source_url":8,"published_at":149,"category":12,"cover_url":8,"hotness":13,"is_selected":14,"score":150,"score_detail":151,"sources":153,"tags":155,"primary_topic":160,"secondary_topics":161,"classification":162,"search_phrases":184,"slug":187,"view_count":188,"doi":8,"paper":8,"created_at":189},944,"棉花专属知识大语言模型「棉芯1.0」发布 中国棉花产业迈入AI+科研+生产融合新阶段","https:\u002F\u002Fnews.gmw.cn\u002F2026-08\u002F26\u002Fcontent_38963850.htm","8月24日中国农业科学院棉花研究所联合西部农业研究中心发布全球首个棉花领域专属知识大语言模型「棉芯1.0」(CottonMind1.0)，采用「网页端+小程序端」双端设计：网页端为科研人员提供云端智研工作台(AI检索、文献加速阅读、知识图谱)，小程序端成为棉农随身「农技专家」(AI问答、拍照诊断、专家咨询)。模型已整合41680篇中外文科研文献、2000余项专利与国家标准、559部专业著作、1806条审定品种信息，覆盖基因功能、性状调控、品种选育、栽培管理、病虫害防控等全维度专业知识，并支持中英多语言服务。项目组负责人杨作仁表示，棉芯1.0打通了科研成果转化「最后一公里」，可服务于政府部门种植规划、防控策略与产业政策制定。","![Image 1](https:\u002F\u002Fimg.gmw.cn\u002Fpic\u002FgmwLogo_share.jpg)\n\n点击右上角![Image 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记者杨舒**从中国农业科学院棉花研究所获悉，24日，该所联合中国农业科学院西部农业研究中心正式发布全球首个棉花领域专属知识大语言模型——“棉芯1.0”（CottonMind1.0），标志着我国棉花产业迈入“AI+科研+生产”深度融合的新阶段。\n\n“棉芯1.0”以“网页端+小程序端”双端设计，分别瞄准科研创新与田间生产两大核心场景。网页端为科研人员提供云端智研工作台，集成AI智能检索、文献加速阅读、知识图谱可视化等功能。小程序端可以成为棉农的随身“农技专家”，提供AI问答、拍照诊断、专家在线咨询等服务，打破了传统农技服务的时空壁垒。此外，“棉芯1.0”全平台支持中文、英文等多语言服务，为国际棉花科研协作搭建了数字化桥梁。\n\n项目组负责人杨作仁介绍，“棉芯1.0”系统已整合全球41680篇中外文科研文献、2000余项专利与国家标准、559部专业著作、1806条审定品种信息，覆盖基因功能、性状调控、品种选育、栽培管理、病虫害防控等全维度专业知识。\n\n“棉芯1.0”的发布，是我国智慧农业建设在经济作物领域的重要突破。它打通了科研成果转化“最后一公里”，构建起“科研创新—技术推广—生产应用—数据反哺”的闭环生态。同时，“棉芯1.0”通过全产业数据归集与大数据分析，可为政府部门制定种植规划、防控策略与产业扶持政策提供科学数据支撑。\n\n《光明日报》（2026年08月26日 08版）\n\n[ 责编：赵靓 ]\n\n阅读剩余全文（）\n\n![Image 15](https:\u002F\u002Fimg.gmw.cn\u002Fcontent_banner\u002Fcontent_840x120_qrcodes.jpg)\n\n## 值班总编推荐\n\n*   [重视电动车治理是对道路交通安全负责](https:\u002F\u002Fguancha.gmw.cn\u002F2026-08\u002F25\u002Fcontent_38963649.htm)\n*   [高校选课季，如何让“金课”广受欢迎？](https:\u002F\u002Fnews.gmw.cn\u002F2026-08\u002F25\u002Fcontent_38961616.htm)\n*   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[光明网邮箱](https:\u002F\u002Fmail.gmw.cn\u002F)\n*   [网站地图](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gmw.cn\u002Fmap.htm)\n\n![Image 20](https:\u002F\u002Fchannel-analysis.gmw.cn\u002F1.gif?s=1787702980444&cl=4108&pd=2026-08-26&ci=38963850&r=https:\u002F\u002Fnews.gmw.cn\u002F2026-08\u002F26\u002Fcontent_38963850.htm&at=%E8%B5%B5%E9%9D%93&tt=%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%93%E5%B1%9E%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E2%80%9C%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%AF1.0%E2%80%9D%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%20_%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%BD%91)\n\n[](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fguangmingonline)[](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fguangmingonline)\n\n[](https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FGuangming_Daily)[](https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FGuangming_Daily)\n\n[](javascript:;)","光明日报 2026-08-26 第8版","2026-08-26T00:00:00Z",88,{"impact":17,"substance":113,"depth":63,"authority":101,"freshness":13,"relevant":22,"comment":152},"全球首个棉花专属大模型发布，标志产业迈入AI融合新阶段，信息详实，权威央媒报道，时效性强。",[154],{"name":148,"url":145},[119,27,156,157,158,159],"大语言模型","棉花所","棉芯1.0","经济作物",{"code":33,"slug":34,"name":35,"path":36,"parent_code":37},[],{"status":40,"locked":41,"version":42,"method":43,"evidence":163},{"candidates":164,"agricultural_evidence":14},[165,169,175,179],{"code":33,"score":47,"supported":14,"title":166,"abstract":167,"tags":168},[49],[49],[],{"code":170,"score":54,"supported":14,"title":171,"abstract":172,"tags":174},"G1",[],[173],"成果转化",[],{"code":132,"score":22,"supported":41,"title":176,"abstract":177,"tags":178},[],[],[119],{"code":180,"score":22,"supported":41,"title":181,"abstract":182,"tags":183},"I2",[],[],[156],[185,186],"中国农科院 大语言模型 智慧农业 经济作物","中国农科院 大语言模型","中国农科院大语言模型智慧农业经济作物-944",5,"2026-08-26T00:09:29.400381Z",{"id":191,"title":192,"url":193,"summary":194,"summary_zh":8,"content":195,"source_name":196,"source_url":8,"published_at":197,"category":12,"cover_url":8,"hotness":13,"is_selected":41,"score":198,"score_detail":199,"sources":202,"tags":204,"primary_topic":210,"secondary_topics":211,"classification":212,"search_phrases":226,"slug":229,"view_count":140,"doi":8,"paper":8,"created_at":230},924,"中国农科院烟草所：生物信号快速检测有了掌上芯片 指压式微流控检测系统","https:\u002F\u002Fcaas.cn\u002Fxwzx\u002Fkyhd\u002F812237f72db14760992c851c2f5de991.htm","中国农业科学院烟草研究所烟草病虫害绿色防控创新团队开发出按一按就能检测的新型微流控芯片，实现低浓度生物信号的高灵敏、可视化和多重快速检测，相关研究成果发表在《Chemical Engineering Journal》上。芯片设计为无需外接动力设备的指压式结构，液体在芯片内流动依次完成样品反应和检测过程；同时搭建特殊纳米识别界面的芯片，能够像生物雷达一样精准锁定目标细菌，启动信号放大过程输出清晰可见的荧光结果，实现极低浓度细菌的快速读取。","近日，中国农业科学院烟草研究所烟草病虫害绿色防控创新团队开发出“按一按就能检测”的新型微流控芯片，实现了低浓度生物信号的高灵敏、可视化和多重快速检测，相关研究成果发表在《化学工程杂志（Chemical Engineering Journal）》上。\n\n病原细菌是引发植物病害的重要元凶，传统检测方法依赖大型仪器和专业实验室，流程复杂且耗时，难以满足田间快速筛查需求。同时样品中细菌含量较低，加上杂质干扰，给精准检测带来挑战。\n\n科研团队设计出一种无需外接动力设备的“指压式”检测芯片，只需轻轻一按，液体便会在芯片内流动，依次完成样品反应和检测过程。芯片将不同反应过程分隔在独立空间中，有效减少相互干扰，检测结果更加稳定可靠。同时，搭建特殊纳米识别界面的芯片，能够像“生物雷达”一样精准锁定目标细菌，一旦目标出现，迅速启动信号放大过程，输出清晰可见的荧光结果，实现极低浓度细菌的快速读取。","中国农科院烟草所 2026-08-24","2026-08-24T00:00:00Z",77,{"impact":78,"substance":200,"depth":63,"authority":20,"freshness":21,"relevant":22,"comment":201},20,"国家级科研机构发布的新型检测技术，对农业病害快速筛查有实际应用价值，信息具体且时效性好。",[203],{"name":196,"url":193},[27,205,206,207,208,209],"烟草所","微流控芯片","病原细菌","检测","掌上芯片",{"code":33,"slug":34,"name":35,"path":36,"parent_code":37},[],{"status":40,"locked":41,"version":42,"method":43,"evidence":213},{"candidates":214,"agricultural_evidence":14},[215,220],{"code":33,"score":47,"supported":14,"title":216,"abstract":218,"tags":219},[217],"烟草",[217],[],{"code":221,"score":54,"supported":14,"title":222,"abstract":223,"tags":225},"F4",[],[224],"绿色防控",[],[227,228],"中国农科院 微流控芯片 掌上芯片 病原细菌","中国农科院 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Management）》上。\n\n膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术为新疆棉花高产稳产提供了重要技术支撑，但灌溉施肥过程会引起土壤温室气体排放快速波动，传统采样方式难以实现农田温室气体的精准监测。\n\n该研究发现，灌溉施肥后第1天是温室气体排放峰值形成的关键时期，据此提出了“灌溉前1天—灌溉后1天—灌溉后5天”三节点精准采样方案。该方案能够在减少采样工作量的同时，保留温室气体排放关键动态信息，保持较高的排放估算精度。研究构建的关键时期识别—精准采样优化—排放精准估算技术体系，为干旱区滴灌棉田温室气体监测提供了科学方案。","中国农业科学院 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